OVERVIEW

Twenties fashion is often remembered for its glitz and glamour, though underlying this was a move toward simplicity in dress. For women, this meant shorter skirts and simple shapes, while men enjoyed casual suits.

Womenswear

At the dawn of the 1920s, the world was still reeling from the First World War. The conflict, which ended just over a year before the new decade began, had a fundamental and irreversible effect on society, culture, and fashion. Essential to these new styles was a simplicity that had not previously been seen in women’s fashion. Dress historian Jayne Shrimpton writes in Fashion in the 1920s:

“The development of a more convenient, modern female wardrobe was a major trend of the 1920s and was achieved through the progressive simplification of dress as the decade advanced – a rejection of formality and multiple layers, in favour of comfort and a lighter, more natural effect.” (13-14)

This simplicity created the popular tubular “la garçonne” look that dominated much of the decade. Also known as the flapper, the look typified 1920s dress with a dropped waist and creeping hemlines that could be created in economical fabrics. Coco Chanel helped popularize this style (Fig. 1) and was a prominent designer during the period. Both waistlines and hemlines followed similar, though inverse, projections throughout the decade, as waistlines dropped until 1923 before beginning to rise again in 1928; while hemlines rose until 1926, when they started to fall again (Pel 51).

Evening dresses sometimes still nearly reached the ground, though many of the popular styles followed the hemline trends of daywear, as demonstrated in the difference between a 1924 evening dress (Fig. 2) and an evening dress from 1929 (Fig. 3). While simplicity in construction was key to both daywear and eveningwear, the latter benefited from ornate decoration: beadwork, sequins, and embroidery all helped create the glamorous nighttime looks of the decade, like this yellow evening dress made of silk and rhinestones (Fig. 2).

Evening ensemble

Fig. 1 - Gabrielle Chanel (French, 1883–1971). Evening ensemble, 1925. Silk. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.474a, b. Gift of Gytha M. Rupp, 1994. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Evening dress

Fig. 2 - Designer unknown (American). Evening dress, 1924. Silk, rhinestones. New York: Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.300.1247. Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Brooklyn Museum, 2009; Gift of Mrs. Fred May, 1957. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Evening dress

Fig. 3 - Bergdorf Goodman (American). Evening dress, ca. 1929. Silk, metal. New York: Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.300.304. Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Brooklyn Museum, 2009; Gift of Adelaide Goan, 1961. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Robe de Style

Fig. 4 - Jeanne Lanvin (French, 1867–1946). Robe de Style, Fall/winter 1926–27. Silk, glass. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.30.1a, b. Gift of Mrs. Gilbert W. Chapman, 1976. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Robe de Style

Fig. 5 - Jeanne Lanvin (French, 1867–1946). Robe de Style, 1922. Cotton, silk, glass, metal. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, C.I.62.8.3a, b. Gift of Mrs. Stephen C. Clark, 1962. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Evening dress

Fig. 6 - Jeanne Lanvin (French, 1867–1946). Evening dress, 1925. Silk, metal. New York: Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.300.2860. Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Brooklyn Museum, 2009; Gift of Helen Appleton Read, 1962. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Though this was one of the more popular styles, it was by no means the only. In fact, a style popularized by Jeanne Lanvin could not be further from this “androgynous” look. Instead, these dresses had long, full skirts, sometimes even with panniers, like this black and silver “Robe de Style” dress shown here (Fig. 4). They were feminine and romantic, like the pastel dress designed by Lanvin in 1922, accessorized with a straw hat itself removed from the brimless cloche hats that were popular during the twenties (Fig. 5). Lanvin’s dresses were starkly different from the shapeless silhouettes of the flapper, though some interpreted this style with her own feminine twist (Fig. 6).

Another trend for women that enjoyed massive popularity in the twenties was that of sportswear worn as daywear. Sportswear had long been an acceptable form of casual wear for men, but in the 1920s, it also became acceptable for women. The popularity of sports clothes in the 1920s is often attributed, like many of the most popular styles of the twenties, to Coco Chanel, but designers such as Jane Regny and Jean Patou also contributed to the sportswear trend. Patou’s yellow skirt and sweater set show how much tennis clothes influenced design (Fig. 7).

Tennis was the most popular sport for women and thus the most popular inspiration for fashion. Indeed, one of the most popular fashion stars of the early twenties was tennis star Suzanne Lenglen whose short sleeved, pleated tennis dress and bandeau were created for her by Patou (Pel 14). Her style both on (Fig. 8) and off the court (Fig. 9) inspired the masses. Shrimpton writes, “By the late 1920s, following her lead and embracing wider fashion trends, sleeveless, knee-length shift-like tennis dresses were fashionable” (59). So popular were elements of these sports clothes that in a 1928 issue of The Tatler, M.E. Brooke wrote, “Sports clothes have been developed to such an extent that they may go to lunch at the fashionable restaurants; as a matter of fact they are often worn until the hour of cocktail” (Brooke 276).

Fashion in the 1920s was all about the whole look and there were trends in how the body itself was fashioned. The simple lines and androgynous shapes of fashion looked best on bodies free from curves. Through exercise, diet, and various shaping undergarments, women attempted to achieve this look. The sporting look also helped facilitate a mode for suntanned skin. Many women cut their hair into a bob, a popular hairstyle that emerged early in the decade. Hairstyles kept getting shorter first with the shingle and then with the Eton crop, but like hemlines, as the decade drew to a close, women were starting to grow their hair longer again. The cloche hat became an extremely popular accessory that looked best with these short hairstyles.

While the designers mentioned above created and sold their styles, as did department stores and the like, the simplicity of the prevailing mode throughout the twenties made it easy for women of all means to recreate those styles at home. This, combined with inspiration taken from typical working-class girls’ attire and the use of materials such as jersey and artificial silk, led to what has been deemed a “democratization of fashion” in the 1920s. Anyone could achieve the fashionable look even if it meant the simple lines were created with a less expensive material and made at home rather than in an atelier. This phenomenon is studied by fashion historians but was also felt during the period. In her book Success Through Dress, The Hon. Mrs. C.W Forester declared, “Dress is now no sign of social status; in fact, rather the contrary” (62).

Dress

Fig. 7 - Attributed to Jean Patou (French, 1880–1936). Dress, ca. 1927. Silk. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.347a–d. Purchase, Various Funds, 1998. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

French tennis players Suzanne Lenglen and Julie Vlasto in Cannes in 1926

Fig. 8 - Agence de presse Meurisse (French). French tennis players Suzanne Lenglen and Julie Vlasto in Cannes in 1926, 1926. Source: Wikimedia

French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen with her manager Charles C. Pyle (1882-1939) in 1926

Fig. 9 - Agence de presse Meurisse (French). French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen with her manager Charles C. Pyle (1882-1939) in 1926, 1926. Source: Wikimedia

France, Horse racetrack

Fig. 10 - Photographer unknown. France, Horse racetrack, 1926. Source: Pinterest

Menswear

As womenswear valued simplicity in the 1920s so, too, did menswear. Men moved away from starched collars and formal three-piece suits during the day. Instead, they adopted soft collars and one- or two-button suit jackets often worn without a waistcoat as seen in the different styles shown on the fashion plate in figure 1. Pinstripes were popular, as were British wools and English tailoring. Martin Pel writes that “British men were perceived to be sartorially the most elegant, and fashionable men hoped to emulate the style and heritage of Savile Row and the English elite” (28). Popular materials were tweeds and flannels, depending on the season (Shrimpton 31).

The most significant development in men’s fashion occurred in two unique kinds of trousers: the Oxford bags and the plus-fours. Oxford bags grew in popularity around 1924-25 when undergraduates at Oxford adopted these wide-legged trousers. Though the origin of the style is contentious, it is generally agreed that it derived from the trousers that rowers on Oxford’s crew teams pulled on over their shorts, and you can see how The Bystander satirized this in 1924 (Fig. 2). The original style was about 22 inches wide at the bottom, several inches wider than the average men’s trouser leg. Oxford undergraduates began wearing these around the university and soon the style spread. As the style spread, so too did the width of the trouser legs until at one point they reached up to 44 inches wide. The trousers were made out of flannel and came in a variety of colors. They were mostly worn by youths – perhaps the male counterparts of the flapper – and became a favorite of Britain’s “Bright Young People,” a group of wealthy, aristocrats known for their antics in London’s nightlife.

The other development in menswear in the twenties was the plus-fours. Plus-fours developed out of ordinary knickers – short-legged trousers that gather around the knee – and like Oxford bags were a bit baggier version of their precursor. They had four extra inches of material (hence the name) but instead of extending the trouser leg, they still fastened around the knee and the extra material hung over the band, creating the baggy look as seen at a racecourse in 1920 (Fig. 3). Often worn with a sweater, plus-fours were popular golf attire, but much like how tennis-wear crept into casual womenswear, this style was also popular daywear for men, as was tennis-wear for men, too. You can see the casual way men dressed to play tennis, though some still wore ties in 1920 (Fig. 4).

Fashion Plate

Fig. 1 - Artist unknown. Fashion Plate, 1920-1939. New York: Costume Institute Fashion Plates. Source: The Met Digital Collections

The Bystander, Oxford

Fig. 2 - Phyllis Kenworth. The Bystander, Oxford, 1924. Source: Hear the Boat Sing

Exchanging jokes at Ascot racetrack, Brisbane, August 1920 Prince of Wales and a group of young socialites enjoying a chat at the racetrack.

Fig. 3 - Charles Bertram Bell. Exchanging jokes at Ascot racetrack, Brisbane, August 1920 Prince of Wales and a group of young socialites enjoying a chat at the racetrack., 1920. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Source: Wikimedia

Ipswich City tennis club members

Fig. 4 - F.A. Whitehead. Ipswich City tennis club members, 1920. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Source: Wikimedia

Fashion Icon: Edward, Prince of Wales

Though many men looked to Britain generally for their sartorial inspiration, one man stuck out for his influence: Edward, Prince of Wales. Though later a controversial figure, in the twenties, the Prince of Wales was the good-looking, well-dressed son of the king who was often seen at parties in London. He had the reputation of a playboy but he was also known for his fashion sense and many men on both sides of the Atlantic aspired to dress like him. Though often photographed in morning suits and tuxedos, he was also a big fan of the plus-fours mentioned above, often wearing them with argyle sweaters and socks both on and off the golf course. This portrait from 1927 showed him in this attire (Fig. 14). He was the epitome of the English style that men looked to in the 1920s.

Like womenswear, the look had to be completed. Men generally wore their hair short and covered with a hat: popular styles included the felt hat, the fedora or trilby, flat caps or the straw boater depending on the season and the man’s status. Men moved away from uncomfortable lace-up boots and preferred lower-cut oxfords or brogues (Shrimpton 33-34).

Edward, Prince of Wales, Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews

Fig. 1 - William Orpen (Irish, 1878-1931). Edward, Prince of Wales, Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, 1927. Oil on canvas. St. Andrew's: Royal and Ancient Golf Club, Scotland. Source: Wikimedia

CHILDREN’S WEAR

Children’s wear in the 1920s benefited from new technology and research into children’s development (Shrimpton 49). Freedom of movement and comfort were prioritized as the layers of previous decades came off and, much like womenswear and menswear, simplicity became key as seen in the simple styles that home-sew patterns offered (Figs. 2 & 4).

Young girls wore simple loose dresses often made in cotton or linen, though velvet, like this coat, was popular for special occasions (Fig. 1). The length of the dresses varied by age getting longer as the girls got older (Shrimpton 49). Peter pan collars, smocking, patterned fabrics, and embroidery were all popular in girls’ clothing throughout the decade (Shrimpton 49). Many styles looked to womenswear for inspiration, though in the twenties, children’s wear was not just a miniature version of adult clothing (Grindstaff). There were modifications, but many popular styles for women in the decade already looked girlish, so it made sense to dress girls in similar styles.

Ensemble

Fig. 1 - Designer unknown (American). Ensemble, 1928-30. Wool, silk, fur. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.300.956a, b. Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Brooklyn Museum, 2009; Gift of Colonel and Mrs. Horace Figuers, 1973. Source: The Met

1921-1940, Plate 011

Fig. 2 - Artist unknown. 1921-1940, Plate 011, 1921-1940. New York: Costume Institute Fashion Plates. Gift of Woodman Thompson. Source: The Met Digital Collections

Montage showing three children modelling knitwear: 1920s

Fig. 3 - Alexander Bassano Photographic Studios. Montage showing three children modelling knitwear: 1920s, 1922-24. London: Museum of London, 001368. Source: Museum of London

1921-1940, Plate 032

Fig. 4 - Artist unknown. 1921-1940, Plate 032, 1921-1940. New York: Costume Institute Fashion Plates. Gift of Woodman Thompson. Source: The Met Digital Collections

Like girls’ clothing, the length of a boys’ trouser was determined by his age. Young boys wore shorts with a tunic or sweater, while older boys began wearing long trousers, often with similar tops. Like men, Fair Isle sweaters and blazers were popular for young boys, with blazers often a required component of a school uniform, like the uniforms worn by the young boys below (Fig. 4). Like both womenswear and menswear, boys’ clothing was inspired by sportswear as the flannel trousers and woolen blazers of cricket and tennis became acceptable daywear for boys (Shrimpton 51). Uniforms were literally topped off with caps that looked inspired by cricket, like this one below, as well (Fig. 6).

The most important development in babywear during the decade was the rise of the romper which we might now refer to as a onesie, an example seen on the smallest model above (Fig. 3). Shrimpton writes:

“Rompers (first offered by Harrods in 1919) were revolutionary new garments – like small boiler suits, they had long sleeves, a yoked bodice and short knickerbockers. Made in plain, easily laundered fabrics, these were convenient for mothers and enabled much more freedom of movement for babies at the crawling stage and toddlers than traditional cumbersome petticoats.” (47)

This new simplicity in dress reached nearly everyone: from women to men, young boys to young girls, and even the tiniest members of society.

All in a Row by Vintage Lulu

Fig. 5 - Artist unknown. All in a Row by Vintage Lulu, 1920s. Source: Pinterest

Boy’s school cap

Fig. 6 - Designer unknown (English). Boy’s school cap, 1925-1935. Wool and cotton, machine stitched and hand stitched. London: Victoria & Albert Museum, B.39-1999. Source: V&A Blog

References:

Historical Context

Wikipedia: 1920-1929
Events:
  • 1920 – The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution gives women the right to vote. Some believe that the women’s rights movement affected fashion, promoting androgynous figures and the death of the corset. The Prohibition Era begins in the US but is largely ignored by fashionable young men and women of the time. “Flappers” dance the night away to jazz tunes at illegal speakeasies.
  • 1922 – Howard Carter and George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, discover the tomb of Ancient Egyptian ruler Tutankhamun. Fashion designers are inspired to use moths from ancient cultures in their creations.
  • 1923 – The Broadway show Runnin’ Wild includes the popular tune ‘The Charleston’. It becomes a dance craze, requiring low-waisted dresses with fullness at the hemline to kick up the heels.
  • 1924 – The diplomatic visit of Edward, Prince of Wales to the US popularizes a kind of short breeches for men- plus fours.
  • 1925 – Fashion designers make up a large number of the artists who display their luxury wares at the “Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes” in Paris, which gave art deco its name.
  • 1926 – The ideal haircut for showcasing cloche hats- the fashionable Eton crop- is first mentioned in The Times. It is popularized by Josephine Baker, an African American expatriate singer, dancer, and entertainer, who becomes an overnight sensation at the Foiles Bergere music hall.

Primary/Period Sources

Resources for Fashion History Research

To discover primary/period sources, explore the categories below.
Have a primary source to suggest?  Or a newly digitized periodical/book to announce?  Contact us!

Periodicals (Digitized)

French Vogue (Paris, 1920-1940), 1920s. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343833568/date&rk=42918;4.
Les Modes : revue mensuelle illustrée des Arts décoratifs appliqués à la femme (1902-1937), 1920s. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32817646w/date.r=les+modes.langEN.
The Harper’s Bazaar Archive (Subscription Required), 1920s. https://www.proquest.com/products-services/Harpers-Bazaar-Archive.html.
Vogue Archive (Subscription Required), 1920s. https://login.voguearchive.com.
Filmography - General

Lang, Fritz. Metropolis, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017136/.
Pathé, British. Here’s To The Memory - Part 5, 1920s. https://www.britishpathe.com/video/heres-to-the-memory-part-5.
Protazanov, Yakov. Aelita: Queen of Mars, 1924. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0014646/.
Filmography - Stars

Arzner, Dorothy. Get Your Man, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017928/.
Arzner, Dorothy. The Wild Party, 1929. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020590/.
Badger, Clarence G. Red Hair, 1928. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019313/.
Badger, Clarence G., and Josef von Sternberg. It, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018033/.
Beaumont, Harry. Our Dancing Daughters, 1928. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019237/.
Beaumont, Harry. Our Blushing Brides, 1930. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021223/.
Brenon, Herbert. Dancing Mothers, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016762/.
Brown, Clarence. A Woman of Affairs, 1928. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019591/.
Brown, Clarence. Flesh and the Devil, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016884/.
Clair, Malcolm St. A Woman of the World, 1925. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016548/.
Conway, Jack. Our Modern Maidens, 1929. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020247/.
DeMille, Cecil B. Don’t Change Your Husband, 1919. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0010071/.
DeMille, Cecil B. Why Change Your Wife?, 1921. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0011865/.
DeMille, Cecil B. The Affairs of Anatol, 1921. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0011909/.
DeMille, Cecil B. Male and Female, 1919. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0010418/.
Dillon, John Francis. Flaming Youth, 1923. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0014045/.
Dwan, Allan. Manhandled, 1924. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0015116/.
Dwan, Allan. Stage Struck, 1925. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016394/.
Feyder, Jacques. The Kiss, 1929. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020062/.
Fitzmaurice, George. Mata Hari, 1931. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0023196/.
Fleming, Victor. Mantrap, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017119/.
Gasnier, Louis J. Parisian Love, 1925. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016201/.
Goulding, Edmund. The Trespasser, 1929. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020514/.
Green, Alfred E. Irene, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016999/.
Green, Alfred E. Ella Cinders, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016822/.
Henabery, Joseph. Cobra, 1925. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0015693/.
Lubitsch, Ernst. Sumurun, 1921. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0011742/.
Millarde, Harry F. The Taxi Dancer, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018465/.
Niblo, Fred. The Mysterious Lady, 1928. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019195/.
Niblo, Fred, and Dorothy Arzner. Blood and Sand, 1922. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0012952/.
Niblo, Fred, and Mauritz Stiller. The Temptress, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017449/.
Parker, Albert. The Love of Sunya, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018113/.
Ruggles, Wesley. The Plastic Age, 1925. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016226/.
Santell, Alfred. Orchids and Ermine, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018235/.
Sedgwick, Edward. Spring Fever, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018440/.
Sutherland, A. Edward. The Saturday Night Kid, 1929. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020364/.
Tuttle, Frank. Love Among the Millionaires, 1930. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0023154/.
Tuttle, Frank. Kid Boots, 1926. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017028/.
Vidor, King. Show People, 1928. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019379/.
Vidor, King. The Patsy, 1928. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019258/.
Wood, Sam. The Fair Co-Ed, 1927. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017860/.
Wood, Sam. Beyond the Rocks, 1922. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0012938/.

Secondary Sources

Also see the 20th-century overview page for more research sources... or browse our Zotero library.

Online

“History of Fashion 1900 - 1970,” July 11, 2013. http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/h/history-of-fashion-1900-1970/.
“Introduction to 20th-Century Fashion,” October 18, 2012. http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/introduction-to-20th-century-fashion/.
Victoria and Albert Museum. “V&A · Art Deco Fashion.” Accessed March 26, 2019. https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/art-deco-fashion.
Books/Articles

Addade, Stéphane-Jacques. Bernard Boutet De Monvel: At the Origins of Art Deco, 2016. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952074785.
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Battersby, Martin. Art Deco Fashion: French Designers 1908-1925. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925159545.
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Dyreson, M. “The Emergence of Consumer Culture and the Transformation of Physical Culture: American Sport in the 1920s.” Journal of Sport History, Winter 1989.
Evans, Caroline. The Mechanical Smile: Modernism and the First Fashion Shows in France and America 1900-1929. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855558337.
Ewing, William A., Todd Brandow, and Tobia Bezzola. Edward Steichen: In High Fashion, the Condé Nast Years, 1923-1937. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2008. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227275494.
Finamore, Michelle Tolini. “Fashioning Early Cinema: Dress and Representation in American Film, 1905-1930,” 2010. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609666883.
Finamore, Michelle Tolini. “Fashioning the Colonial at the Paris Expositions, 1925 and 1931.” Fashion Theory, no. 3–4 (2003): 345–60.
Fischer, Lucy. Designing Women: Cinema, Art Deco, and the Female Form. Film and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/940002929.
Framke, Gisela. Künstler ziehen an: Avantgarde-Mode in Europa 1910-1939. Heidelberg: Braus, 1998. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40061558.
Ganeva, Mila. Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and Displays in German Culture, 1918-1933. Screen Cultures. Rochester: Camden House, 2008. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/903890112.
Gerber, E. “The Controlled Development of Collegiate Sport for Women, 1923–1936’.” Journal of Sport History, Summer 1992.
Gnoli, Sofia, and Sofia Gnoli. The Origins of Italian Fashion: 1900-45. London: Victoria & Albert Publishing, 2014. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963875018.
Grafton, Carol Belanger, and Robert J. Courtine, eds. French Fashion Illustrations of the Twenties: 634 Cuts from La Vie Parisienne. New York: Dover Publications, 1987. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868270320.
Gronberg, Tag. Designs on Modernity: Exhibiting the City in 1920s Paris. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008306003.
Hall, Carolyn. The Twenties in Vogue. New York: Harmony Books, 1983. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9195565.
Herald, Jacqueline, and Robert Price. Fashions of a Decade. The 1920s. New York: Facts on File, 1991. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908739172.
Higashi, Somiko. Virgins, Vamps, and Flappers, 2000. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85041410.
Hill, Daniel Delis. History of World Costume and Fashion. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768100950.
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Pinterest

“1900-1960 Fabrics & Textiles,” 1900s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1900-1960-fabrics-textiles/.
Pinterest. “1920-1924 Fashion in Photographs,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920-1924-fashion-in-photographs/.
Pinterest. “1920-1929 Men’s Fashion,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920-1929-mens-fashion/.
Pinterest. “1920s Accessories,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-accessories/.
Pinterest. “1920s Blouses, Tunics & Tops,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-blouses-tunics-tops/.
Pinterest. “1920s Daytime Wear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-daytime-wear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Evening Wear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-evening-wear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Fashion Illustrations,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-fashion-illustrations/.
Pinterest. “1920s Fashion in Photographs,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-fashion-in-photographs/.
Pinterest. “1920s Footwear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-footwear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Headwear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-headwear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Lingerie & Nightwear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-lingerie-nightwear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Outerwear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-outerwear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Patterns & Tutorials,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/patterns-tutorials-1920s/.
Pinterest. “1920s Sportswear,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-sportswear/.
Pinterest. “1920s Wedding Fashions,” 1920s. https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1920s-wedding-fashions/.